Start with the height of the room, then think about how bright it needs to be and how the fitting will look when it is switched off, which is most of the day.
01The main types
- Flush fittings sit tight against the ceiling and suit low rooms, hallways and landings.
- Semi-flush fittings drop 15 to 30 cm on a short stem and give a little more presence.
- Pendants hang on a cable or rod and work best over a table or in rooms with higher ceilings.
- Chandeliers spread several bulbs over a larger frame and need height around them.
- Spotlight bars and plates point light at a wall, a picture or a kitchen worktop.
02Ceiling height
Many British homes have ceilings of about 2.4 metres. At that height or below, flush and semi-flush ceiling lights keep the room feeling open and nobody walks into them. Above 2.6 metres, pendants and chandeliers come into their own, as long as at least 2.1 metres is left clear underneath where people walk.
03Brightness and colour
Check lumens rather than watts. A bedroom ceiling light of 1,000 to 2,000 lumens is usually enough, while a kitchen or a large living room may need 3,000 or more from all its fittings combined. Warm white, around 2,700 K, suits living rooms and bedrooms, and neutral white, around 4,000 K, suits kitchens and bathrooms. If you fit a dimmer switch, choose dimmable LEDs and a dimmer rated for them, usually a trailing-edge type, to avoid flicker.
04Bathrooms and kitchens
Bathroom ceiling lights need an IP rating suited to their zone, often IP44 and IP65 directly above a shower. In a kitchen, a flush fitting or spotlights over the worktop give even, shadow-free light. Choose fittings with a closed diffuser near the hob, as open shades collect grease and dust.
05Matching the room
In a living room, the ceiling light is a background layer, so it can be gentle and dimmable, with lamps doing the rest. In a bedroom, avoid a bare bulb you will see from the bed. Hallways often look better with two smaller flush fittings than with one central light.
06Installation
These fittings connect to the mains, so use a registered electrician. In England and Wales, bathroom work falls under Part P of the Building Regulations. Heavier fittings may need fixing to a joist.